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Jane Addams (1860-1935)American social reformer and Nobel laureate. Educated at Rockford Female Seminary, Women's Medical College and in Europe, she played a prominent part in the formation of the National Progressive Party in 1912 and of the Women's Peace Party in which she became chair person in 1915. In 1915 she was also elected president of the International Congress of Women in the Hague, Netherlands and president of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom which was established by the Hague Congress. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.
Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)Outstanding American reformer, who led the struggle to gain the vote for women, helping to create the National Woman Suffrage Association. She advocated the immediate end of slavery and worked for the American Anti-Slavery Society.
Hosea Ballou
(1771-1852)American Universalist clergyman
and liberal religious thinker. His writings include some 10,000 sermons,
as well as numerous essays, pamphlets, poems, letters and hymns. He was
also the founder and editor of "The Universalist Magazine" (1819), and
"The Universalist
Expositor" (1830).
Clara (Harlowe) Barton (1821-1912)American humanitarian and founder of the American Red Cross and served as president of the organization. She also represented the United States at the Red Cross Conference in Geneva. She supervised relief work in the yellow-fever pestilence in Florida (1887), in Johnstown, Pennsylvania flood (1889), the Russian famine (1891), among the Armenians (1896), in the Spanish-American War (1898), and in the South Africa War (1899-1902) and also helped the victims of the flood at Galveston, Texas (1900).
William Ellery Channing (1780-1842)American Unitarian clergyman, known as the apostle of Unitarianism. Harvard graduate and Pastor of the Federal Street Congregational Church. His interest and influence extended beyond the domain of religion, throughout his career he denounced slavery and war, devoting much of his writing to these subjects.
Lydia Marie Child (1802-1880)Writer and abolitionist. Published her first book, Hobomok in 1824. Started the "Juvenile Miscellany", a monthly magazine for children. After her marriage, she became even a bigger supporter of the anti-slavery movement with her book Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans. She was also co-editor with her husband of the "National Anti-Slavery Standard.
Fannie Merritte Farmer (1857-1915)American authority on cookery, which deals with techniques that include the application of dry heat, immersion in or contact with liquids, or fats, curing, smoking, and pickling. A graduate of the Boston Cooking School, in which she became it's director from 1892-1902, and later founded Miss Farmer's School of Cookery, Boston. She edited the Boston Cooking School Cookbook, out of this grew the Fannie Farmer Cookbook, still being published today.
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)Third president of the United States and author of the Declaration of Independence. His accomplishments were great and varied. He was a philosopher, educator, naturalist, politician, scientist, architect, inventor, pioneer in scientific farming, musician, writer, and lawyer.
John Murray (1741-1815)Universalist clergyman, known as the Father of American Universalist. He was excommunicated by the Methodists at Whitefields Tabernacle, London. He immigrated to America in 1770. After 1793, he was in charge of a Universalist society in Boston.
Theodore Parker (1810-1860)American preacher and social reformer who graduated from the divinity school at Harvard University in 1836 and settled the year after as Unitarian Minister at West Roxbury, Mass. He was also active in prison reform.
Joseph Priestly (1733-1804)British chemist, who isolated and described several gases, including oxygen, and who is considered one of the founders of modern chemistry because of his contributions and experimentation. Encouraged to continue his research by Benjamin Franklin when he met in London. He became a minister in Birmingham, he turned to Unitarian thinking and wrote the book History of the Corruptions of Christianity he was soon driven out of England and moved to the U.S. in 1794 where he pursued his writing until his death.
Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)American inventor and teacher of the deaf, most famous for his invention of the telephone. Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland, and educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London. He immigrated to Canada in 1870 and to the United States in 1871. In the United States he began teaching deaf-mutes, publicizing the system called visible speech. The system, which was developed by his father, the Scottish educator Alexander Melville Bell, shows how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in the articulation of sound. In 1872 Bell founded a school for deaf-mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed professor of vocal physiology. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1882. Bell was one of the cofounders of the National Geographic Society, and he served as its president from 1896 to 1904. He also founded the journal Science in 1883.
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)British scientist, who laid the foundation of modern evolutionary theory with his concept of the development of all forms of life through the slow-working process of natural selection. His work was of major influence on the life and earth sciences and on modern thought in general. Born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, on February 12, 1809, Darwin was the fifth child of a wealthy and sophisticated English family. His maternal grandfather was the successful china and pottery entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood; his paternal grandfather was the well-known 18th-century physician and savant Erasmus Darwin. After graduating from the elite school at Shrewsbury in 1825, young Darwin went to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is essentially that, because of the food-supply problem described by Malthus, the young born to any species intensely compete for survival. Those young that survive to produce the next generation tend to embody favorable natural variations (however slight the advantage may be)-the process of natural selection-and these variations are passed on by heredity. Therefore, each generation will improve adaptively over the preceding generations, and this gradual and continuous process is the source of the evolution of species. Natural selection is only part of Darwin's vast conceptual scheme; he also introduced the concept that all related organisms are descended from common ancestors. Moreover, he provided additional support for the older concept that the earth itself is not static but evolving.
R(ichard) Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983)American engineer, inventor, designer, architect, writer, educator, philosopher, and poet, noted for his innovative use of technology to deal with global problems facing humanity in the second half of the 20th century. Fuller, a great-nephew of the transcendentalist Margaret Fuller, was born in Milton, Massachusetts, July 12, 1895. He attended Harvard University from 1913 to 1915. In 1947 and 1948, Fuller developed what he called a synergetic-energetic system of geometry, an architectural consequence of which is the geodesic dome. The geodesic dome (patented in 1947) comprises a spidery network of interconnected tetrahedrons (four-sided pyramids of equilateral triangles) forming a three-way, hemispherical grid that distributes stress evenly to all members of the entire structure and hence exhibits a high strength-to-weight ratio. This led to his extensive development of geodesics, the mathematical study of economical space-spanning structures. In 1953 the Ford Motor Company commissioned Fuller to design the Ford Rotunda Dome in Dearborn, Michigan. Thereafter he designed domes housing military radar antennas (radomes), the 117-m (384-ft) Union Tank Car Company dome in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (1958), the 60-m (200-ft) "golden dome" that dominated the U.S. pavilion at the American Exchange Exhibition (1959) in Moscow, and the dome for the American pavilion at Expo '67 in Montreal, among many other structures.
Paul Revere (1735-1818)American silversmith, engraver, and patriot, whose efforts as a courier for the revolutionary cause made him a folk hero. The son of a silversmith, he was born in Boston, on January 1, 1735. While still a young man he acquired a reputation as a designer and maker of elegant silverware; his finely wrought tankards, bowls, and pitchers were much prized, and his tea sets served the Boston aristocracy for a century (only one is known to have survived complete). Revere also turned his manual dexterity to the making of artificial teeth, surgical instruments, and engraved printing plates. His most famous engraving, depicting the 1770 Boston Massacre, put him in the forefront of anti-British propagandists. With other patriots, he took part in the Boston Tea Party in 1773. When the fighting began, he carried messages for the revolutionaries of the area. The historic midnight ride of April 18, 1775, was made by Revere and two others from Boston to Concord to warn of the approach of British troops. Revere's role is exaggerated in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's ballad "Paul Revere's Ride"; actually, British scouts detained him en route, but one of the others got through to the patriots in time.
Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894)American writer and physician, whose wit and intellectual vitality are representatives of cultivated Boston society of the era. Born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Holmes was educated at Harvard College. He also studied in Europe, and in 1836 he received a medical degree from Harvard Medical School and began to practice medicine in Boston, Massachusetts. From 1847 to 1882 he taught at Harvard Medical School. Holmes's essay "The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever" (1843) advanced the use of aseptic techniques in obstetrics and surgery. Holmes was one of the so-called Boston Brahmins, a circle of intellectually and socially cultivated Bostonians. His fame as a writer of light, witty verse and as a raconteur was purely local until 1857, when he began writing a series of papers, The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table, for The Atlantic Monthly. These essays, published in book form in 1858, achieved immediate popularity for their lively expression of ideas. Over the Teacups, another collection of The Atlantic Monthly essays, published when Holmes was 80 years old, shows the same wit and vitality.
Daniel Webster (1782-1852) American statesman, famed for his oratorical skills. Webster was born on January 18, 1782, in Salisbury (now Franklin), New Hampshire, and educated at Dartmouth College. He studied law in Salisbury and Boston and was admitted to the bar in 1805. Two years later he established a law practice in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. There he became active in politics and joined the Federalist Party. As did many New Englanders, Webster resented the predominance of Virginians in the national government and opposed the War of 1812. From 1813 to 1817 he served in the U.S. House of Representatives and eloquently defended Federalist principles. Webster's eloquence as a speaker at public gatherings and in court established him as a great orator. Two of his best-known orations are the Plymouth speech (1820), commemorating the bicentennial of the landing of the Pilgrims and the Bunker Hill speech (1825), marking the 50th anniversary of the famous American Revolution battle. Webster was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Boston in 1822 and to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts in 1827. In 1845 Webster reentered the Senate. He opposed the annexation of Texas and the war with Mexico. Although Webster was personally opposed to slavery, he believed first and foremost in the preservation of the Union. His last years in the Senate were devoted to efforts to maintain peace between the North and South by means of compromise. His last great speech was delivered on March 7, 1850, in support of the Compromise Measures of 1850. The speech aroused indignation in the North because of its concessions to slavery. In 1850-52 Webster was secretary of state in the cabinet of President Millard Fillmore. The orator died at his home in Marshfield, Massachusetts, on October 24, 1852.
Frank Lloyd Wright (1867 - 1959)
One of the world's most prominent and influential architects. He developed a series of highly individual styles over his extraordinarily long architectural career (spanning the years 1887-1959) and influenced the entire course of American architecture and building. To this day, he remains America's most famous architect."The greatest artist this century has ever produced seems, at last, to be coming into his own... America's other great artists - our best painters, sculptors, composers - don't really rank with the tops of all time. They're just not Rembrandt, Michelangelo or Beethoven. Wright alone has that kind of standing... he's among the greatest architects who ever
practiced.
"No architect has so blatantly ignored the rules of architecture, so well." -Robert Campbell, Pulitzer Prize-winning architectural journalist
Whitney Moore Young Jr. (1921-1971)American civil rights leader and social worker. Educated at Kentucky State College, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, and the University of Minnesota, Young worked for the National Urban League during the late 40's and early 50's. 1954-61, he was dean of the Atlanta University School of Social Work and until his death in 1971, he was executive director of the Urban League.
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